• What is the refining process of palm oil?
  • To meet refined palm oil specifications, the refining process aims to remove the impurities and fatty free acid contained in crude palm oil. For physical refining, major inputs include electricity and heat (the latter is needed for the distillation process) (Table 4).
  • Why is palm oil refining important?
  • Furthermore, the refining process of palm oil is critical for maintaining its quality and extending its application range. It removes unwanted compounds while preserving beneficial components such as tocopherols [12, 13, 14, 15].
  • How is palm oil processed?
  • Palm oil processing involves several key steps, including harvesting, sterilization, threshing, pressing, and refining. These processes are crucial for maintaining the quality and extending the application range of palm oil. The refining process removes unwanted compounds while preserving beneficial components such as tocopherols.
  • What is the energy allocation between Pfad and refined palm oil?
  • Specifically, for by-product classification, an energy allocation between refined palm oil and PFAD is used because this study considers PFAD as a biofuel feedstock. At the RD production stage, an energy allocation is applied to RD, bio-propane, and bio-naphtha for all classifications.
  • Why is palm kernel oil better than crude oil?
  • Due to high acidity and relatively low phosphatide content, palm and palm kernel oil are generally physically refined, which is preferred to the chemical process. The quality of the crude oils has to be considered as it can greatly affect the efficiency of the refining process.
  • How is palm oil reprocessed?
  • The first step of crude palm oil and palm kernel oil physical refining is the degumming, which consists of the removal of the phosphatides. When this content is low, as is the case for these oils, the dry degumming is the common way.