• Does palm oil mill increase the production of edible oil and biomass energy?
  • Consequently, the palm oil mill increases the production of edible oil and biomass energy. High production of fresh fruit bunches can lower the prices of edible oil and biomass energy (Proposition 2 (c) and 2 (f)).
  • Is palm oil mill profitable?
  • The palm oil mill is also induced to cooperate with farmers. With an appropriate agreement on the profit portion \ (\left (\lambda \right)\), the palm oil mill can be profitable with higher production of fresh fruit bunches, edible oils, and biomass energies.
  • Should palm oil mills and farmers consider fair benefit allocation?
  • They also have to consider fair benefit allocation to palm oil farmers. This study aims to build a game-theoretical model for palm oil mills and farmers considering biomass energy conversion and investigate the effect of market and cost structure changes on the solutions.
  • Why is palm oil mill conversion important?
  • When a farmer has a low-quality fresh fruit bunch, resulting in low extraction of edible oil, the farmer and palm oil mill conversion effort will benefit both of them. Instead of focusing on edible oil extraction, low-quality fresh fruit bunches have a high amount of biomass waste.
  • How much oil can a hectare of oil palm plantation produce?
  • One hectare of oil palm plantation is able to produce up to eight times more oil than other leading oilseed crops as shown in Fig. 3 . The efficiency of its production (4000 kg/ha), low cost, and stability of the oil makes it the most at- tractive and widely used vegetable oil in the world .
  • What is the processing capacity of a palm oil mill in Malaysia?
  • The typical processing capacity of a palm oil mill in Malaysia ranges from 10 tonnes to 120 tonnes of FFB per hour. It is of utmost importance that during harvesting, FFB is collected immediately and transported to the nearby palm oil mills for processing.