• Does palm oil mill increase the production of edible oil and biomass energy?
  • Consequently, the palm oil mill increases the production of edible oil and biomass energy. High production of fresh fruit bunches can lower the prices of edible oil and biomass energy (Proposition 2 (c) and 2 (f)).
  • What is the processing capacity of a palm oil mill in Malaysia?
  • The typical processing capacity of a palm oil mill in Malaysia ranges from 10 tonnes to 120 tonnes of FFB per hour. It is of utmost importance that during harvesting, FFB is collected immediately and transported to the nearby palm oil mills for processing.
  • Is palm oil mill profitable?
  • The palm oil mill is also induced to cooperate with farmers. With an appropriate agreement on the profit portion \ (\left (\lambda \right)\), the palm oil mill can be profitable with higher production of fresh fruit bunches, edible oils, and biomass energies.
  • Why is palm oil mill conversion important?
  • When a farmer has a low-quality fresh fruit bunch, resulting in low extraction of edible oil, the farmer and palm oil mill conversion effort will benefit both of them. Instead of focusing on edible oil extraction, low-quality fresh fruit bunches have a high amount of biomass waste.
  • Are palm oil mills a heterogeneous market?
  • When firms have the ability to produce multiple products, they are confronted with a heterogeneous market (Gatti et al., 2000) as palm oil mills are required to fulfill demands for both edible oil (e.g., crude palm and palm kernel oil) (Arita et al., 2023) and energy.
  • Why do palm oil mills need Edib?
  • Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Nowadays, the urgency to reduce waste has forced palm oil mills to convert their biomass by-product into energy utilization. Palm oil mills must align edib