• Why do Malaysian palm oil mills adopt advanced milling technologies?
  • Malaysian palm oil mills have lagged behind in the adoption of advanced milling technologies, both to support productivity growth as well as meet sustainable development goals. Using primary data from a simple random sample of 54 mills, this study sought to examine the factors explaining the adoption of advanced milling technologies.
  • Can advanced milling technologies reduce palm oil mill effluents?
  • Consequently, this study focuses on the adoption of advanced milling technologies in palm oil milling processes due to the high efficiency of these technologies in reducing oil loss and its capacity to reduce palm oil mill effluents (POME), as well as to achieve zero-emission of methane gas [ 9, 10, 11 ].
  • What is the adoption rate of palm oil milling technologies?
  • Although there has been a surge in advanced milling technologies across the palm oil industry, the adoption rate has been low. Bello and Abdul Raman [ 26] found that more than 85% of milling firms are based on anaerobic ponding systems, while the rest implement open digestion tanks.
  • What is a typical palm oil milling process flow?
  • The typical palm oil milling process flow is best described through a series of activities conducted in different stations (Figure 2). It all begins with the transportation of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) from plantation sites to the palm oil mills.
  • How do palm oil mills work?
  • It all begins with the transportation of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) from plantation sites to the palm oil mills. The milling operation includes several stages, namely reception, sterilization, threshing, digestion and pressing, clarification and purification, and kernel recovery.
  • How to develop palm oil processing technologies?
  • Developing palm oil processing technologies requires effectively addressing the main challenges that create difficulties for mill firms, which include minor improvement to oil extraction rate (OER) and checking the sharply increasing production costs.