• Where does crude palm oil come from?
  • Crude palm oil (or crude red palm oil) comes from pressing the flesh, and crude palm kernel oil comes from crushing the kernel (also known as the stone) in the center of the fruit (Figure 2). Figure 3 illustrates the milling and refining process of palm oil. After milling the fruit, the resulting crude palm oil (CPO) is naturally red in color.
  • Is PKS a waste of palm oil?
  • PKS was previously regarded as a waste of palm oil production; however, today, it is traded as a commodity, and was priced from USD 20 to 50 at mills in 2019 (Biomass Power Association, 2019) and at approximately JPY 13,000/t in the Japanese market at the end of 2020 (Japan Woody Bioenergy Association, 2020 ).
  • Do Nursing and herbicide emissions differ in palm plantation & oil extraction mills?
  • As for the data quoted from the literature, the emissions from nursing, fertilization, herbicide, and oil extraction vary in each palm plantation or oil extraction mill. However, nursing and herbicide have little effect on the whole result, and thus the difference in the amount of input is inconsequential in this assessment.
  • What happens if PKS is imported from replanted palm plantation?
  • In the case that PKS is imported from the replanted palm plantation and the biogas capture in the oil extraction mills fails to be implemented (corresponding to Scenario 5), the life-cycle GHG emissions of PKS were smaller than those of coal- and LNG-fired power generation.
  • What are the different types of palm oil?
  • Two types of oil can be produced from oil palms. Crude palm oil (or crude red palm oil) comes from pressing the flesh, and crude palm kernel oil comes from crushing the kernel (also known as the stone) in the center of the fruit (Figure 2). Figure 3 illustrates the milling and refining process of palm oil.
  • What products contain palm oil?
  • Palm oil is found in more than 50% of prepackaged consumer goods¡ªfrom pizza, instant noodles, and sweets like ice cream, to personal care and cosmetic products including deodorant, shampoo, toothpaste, and lipstick . Even cleaning products like soap and detergent are not exempt.