• How much energy does a palm oil mill generate per year?
  • From another similar study, a palm oil mill of 396 thousand MT per year FFB capacity was reported to generate 2.62 thousand MT CH 4 per year, which is equivalent to 13.26 GW h per year. 87
  • Does oil palm plantation produce frond?
  • Oil palm plantations always produce frond which becomes residue and unutilized. The frond processing through natural composting emits a significant amount of methane which is environmentally threatening. Also, traditional pyrolysis can convert it to stable biochar but still release CO 2 as a greenhouse gas.
  • How pyrolysis of oil palm frond is used in biochar production?
  • For the purpose of cleaner biochar production, a two-box chamber pyrolyzer was utilized for its eminence in volatile gas recirculation to the fuel chamber. Pyrolysis of 1500 g of oil palm frond at 500 ¡ãC and holding time of 30 min succeeds to produce biochar that meets International Biochar Initiative (IBI) standards.
  • What are the biomass by-products of oil palm?
  • The biomass by-products such as oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm frond (OPF), oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) and oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) are the major sources of fiber (Lim et al., 2022); some of which are mainly underutilised.
  • Does torrefied oil palm waste have a high heating value?
  • The high heating value of torrefied oil palm waste improved as compared to the raw oil palm waste. Through FTIR, the changes of chemical bonds in oil palm waste after torrefaction have been identified. From the analysis of the pellet, the optimum conditions for pelletization were obtained, which are 130 ¡ãC and 12 MPa.
  • How are oil palm by-products calculated?
  • The amount of oil palm by-products is calculated based on estimated dry weight, both being produced at mill and in plantation. The data shown in Table 1 portray the huge potential volume of OPB, at an estimated 70¨C80 million tonnes and 30¨C50 million tonnes from plantation and mills, respectively. Table 1.