• How to develop palm oil processing technologies?
  • Developing palm oil processing technologies requires effectively addressing the main challenges that create difficulties for mill firms, which include minor improvement to oil extraction rate (OER) and checking the sharply increasing production costs.
  • Why do Malaysian palm oil mills adopt advanced milling technologies?
  • Malaysian palm oil mills have lagged behind in the adoption of advanced milling technologies, both to support productivity growth as well as meet sustainable development goals. Using primary data from a simple random sample of 54 mills, this study sought to examine the factors explaining the adoption of advanced milling technologies.
  • Can advanced milling technologies reduce palm oil mill effluents?
  • Consequently, this study focuses on the adoption of advanced milling technologies in palm oil milling processes due to the high efficiency of these technologies in reducing oil loss and its capacity to reduce palm oil mill effluents (POME), as well as to achieve zero-emission of methane gas [ 9, 10, 11 ].
  • Which palm oil producers are promoting sustainable production & transitioning to net-zero emissions?
  • To address these concerns, the leading palm oil producers, Indonesia and Malaysia, are actively promoting sustainable palm oil production and transitioning to net-zero emissions. Among other oil crops, such as soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower, palm has the most sustainable standards.
  • What is the adoption rate of palm oil milling technologies?
  • Although there has been a surge in advanced milling technologies across the palm oil industry, the adoption rate has been low. Bello and Abdul Raman [ 26] found that more than 85% of milling firms are based on anaerobic ponding systems, while the rest implement open digestion tanks.
  • How much pome is produced from palm oil?
  • Every tonne of crude palm oil produced generates approximately 2.5 to 3.5 tonnes of POME [ 4 ]. POME is the only liquid waste produced from palm oil processing, which can be characterized as a brownish sludge with high viscosity that is composed of fine cellulosic materials, oil, and water.