• Is Physical refining better than chemical refining for vegetable oil?
  • The effects of process conditions on standard quality parameters and the nutritional quality of the oil are well documented in the literature [5, 19, 71, 72]. In conclusion, physical refining offers great several advantages over chemical refining for vegetable oils (Table 2).
  • Where is the Engen refinery located?
  • The Engen refinery is a crude oil refinery in Wentworth, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa operated by Engen Petroleum. It produced 120,000 barrels per day and while operational, was the second largest crude oil refinery in Durban, supplying about 17% of the nation’s fuel.
  • Why are oil refineries closed in South Africa?
  • Refinery closures in South Africa are shots fired in the long running contestation between the oil refiners and the government, which has been trying to introduce cleaner fuels.
  • Which Durban refineries have made good on their threats?
  • In the latest round, the two Durban refineries made good on their threats. Engen (Petronas) in 2020, following an explosion and fire, and Sapref (Shell and BP) after its temporary closure during the insurrection in July 2021. Natref appears to be playing a waiting game on the government¡¯s latest deadline, which has been shifted from 2023 to 2027.
  • Is Natref a surviving oil refinery in South Africa?
  • Natref is the last surviving oil refinery in South Africa. Three others were closed in the past two years. These refinery closures and the possible permanent closure of the Natref refinery are shots fired in the long running contestation between the oil refiners and the government, which has been trying to introduce cleaner fuels specifications.
  • Who owns the Engen refinery?
  • The Engen refinery is a crude oil refinery in Wentworth, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. It is owned by Engen Petroleum and operated from 1954 until a fire in 2020. The Engen refinery is a crude oil refinery in Wentworth, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa operated by Engen Petroleum.